After completing the course, participants should be able to describe what causes earthquakes differentiate between. Earthquake tip 1 learning earthquake design and construction figure 3. An earthquake is a trembling or a shaking movement of the ground, caused by the slippage or rupture of a fault within the earths crust. For important projects, such as a major dam or a nuclear power plant, the seismic hazard is. The sites can be used to obtain recent and historical earthquake data. Defining an earthquakeunit i, level 1, grades k2 i 2. Risk, detection, warning, and research congressional research service 3 figure 1 also shows relatively high earthquake hazard in the rocky mountain region, portions of the eastern seaboardparticularly south carolinaand a part of the central united states known. People on the surface of the earth experience an earthquake. Also, the history displayed on this page defaults to the current date at utc. The investigation of topographic changes is aided by. Figure 310 illustrates ground motion caused by rayleigh waves. The location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the. All dates and times are displayed in utc and not your local time or the local time near the epicenter.
An encyclopedia of the pacific rims earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. Fourthousand houses collapsed and 11,000 were partially damaged. The effects of the 1906 earthquake in california on. Recognize patterns of earthquake activity as evidence for plate tectonics. The sudden slip at the fault causes the earthquake a violent shaking of the earth when large elastic strain energy released spreads out through seismic waves that travel through the body and along the surface of the earth. Plastic strain occurs when stress is applied to an object, and it becomes deformed. The epicentre of an earthquake is the point on the surface of earth. Learn more about the causes and effects of earthquakes in this article. It is estimated that up to 8 million people have been directly affected, 2 million of which live in the 14 most critically hit districts. Earthquake surface phenomena encyclopedia britannica. Learning earthquake tip 1 earthquake design and construction.
This energy can be built up and stored over a long time and then released in seconds or minutes. Most severely affected was haiti, occupying the western third of the island. If the magnitude of the earthquake is small, the displacement of the causal. Recording and measuring earthquakes earthquakes generate vibrations called seismic waves that travel through the earth in all directions from the focus, the point beneath the earths surface where the earthquake begins. Near cities, near monuments on february 29, 1960, an earthquake hit the city of agadir morocco. Revision history owners of the printed version of the book should follow this link to obtain an errata sheet and a replacement page 54 download this publication as a pdf document 3. Rayleigh waves can move through the surface of both earth and water. Statistics of earthquakes department of statistics. Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. Make a family emergency plan, so that everyone knows what to do and where to go in case of an emergency.
In addition, tall buildings may vibrate wildly during an earthquake and knock into each other. Risk of earthquake along the san andreas fault fig. Its like when youre teacher loses their marbles because youve asked them the same question 7 times in a row. Preventing an earthquake is impossible, but there are steps that can be taken to prepare for and reduce the impact from a major earthquake. Warmup ask students to identify a part of the world that experiences frequent earthquakes san francisco, for example. Eighth grade lesson earthquakes day 12 betterlesson. As the events listed here occurred before routine instrumental recordings, they rely mainly on the analysis of written sources. The course uses graphics, text, video, and knowledge checks to present the information.
Major tectonic plates on the earths surface the earth and its interior long time ago, a large collection of material masses coalesced and formed the earth. Then look up earthquake statistics for the location of your school, and compare the results. There is often significant uncertainty in location and magnitude and sometimes date for each earthquake. Large amount of heat was generated by this fusion, and slowly as the. An earthquake results from the abrupt release of the energy accumulated by movements and rubbing of different plates. Earthquake curriculum, k6 scope and sequence chart unit i. What is the richter scale, and how high does it go. The ability to do earthquake location and calculate magnitude immediately brings us into two basic requirement of instrumentation. Introduction to earthquake engineering notes ebook free. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. Fault plane a fault is a weak point within a tectonic. The energy released by movement along a fault travels as seismic waves outward in a concentric pattern from the place of. Figure 5 typical patterns of earthquake damage as illustrated in reports in eeriiaee world housing encyclopedia.
Sp23 earthquake basics the delaware geological survey. Natural disasters occur when forces of nature damage the environment and manmade structures. The science behind earthquakes what is an earthquake. The final report of tje earthquake study group naic. This course is expected to take 30 minutes to complete. If people live in the area, natural disasters can cause a great deal of human suffering.
The earthquake when she opened the door, she didnt smile at him. Most earthquakes occur within the range of 5 to 100 km depth, and all very strong earthquakes originate within this range. Magnitude versus intensity lesson pdf classroom lesson to. Eeri the great earthquake that struck on 18 april 1906 and caused a disaster also forged the. Project report on earthquake pdf earthquakes are one of the most destructive of natural hazards.
The earthquake occurred about 300 km away from mexico city, but the soil amplified the motion of the ground by a factor of about 75 times. Earthquake magnitude is a measure of the size of the earthquake reflecting the elastic energy released by the earthquake. A sudden slippage or rupture along a fault line results in an abrupt release of elastic energy stored in rocks that are subjected to great strain. Catalog of hawaiian earthquakes, 1823 1959 volcano, hawaii. Earthquakeresistant construction of adobe buildings.
As a result of disasters, people may be injured or killed, or may lose their homes and possessions. Improved earthquake performance of new construction due to its low cost, adobe construction will continue to be used in highrisk seismic areas of the world. In the first part of this twoday lesson, i have a hook to give students a glimpse into the destructive power of earthquakes. Introduce the story on master 2, the turtle tale, and read it aloud. It is referred by a certain real number on the richter scale e. The earthquake was located offshore near nazca, peru. The remaining seismic energy is released through intraplate earthquakes which occur within the interior of a plate. Earthquake terms common earthquake terms focus the focus or hypocentre of an earthquake is where the earthquake originated from, usually underground on the fault zone. Elastic strain happens when an object is deformed, and then when the stress. The earthquakes location is determined upon the time the waves arrive at different stations and their propagation speed. In australia, seismologists people who study earthquakes prefer the use of the moment magnitude scale, which calculates the magnitude of an earthquake based on physical properties such as the area of. Statisticians are involved because of the large amount and many forms of data that become available.
This document is primarily an educational resource for efficiently and effectively using internet resources related to earthquake event hypocenter, origin time and magnitude information. The encyclopedia comprises approximately 300 contributions. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Historical earthquakes is a list of significant earthquakes known to have occurred prior to the beginning of the 20th century. Epicentre the epicentre of an earthquake is the point on the surface of earth directly above the epicentre. The movement of earths crust resulting from the release of built up potential energy between two stuck tectonic plates. The 1996 nazca earthquake occurred on november 12 at 16. For seven days in may 2011, an ascecopri coastal structures team investigated the earthquake and tsunami effects specific to engineered coastal structures. Please refer to attached resource in the lesson introduction for the. World vision is a christian humanitarian organization dedicated to working with children, families, and their communities worldwide to reach their full potential by tackling the causes of poverty and injustice. While very large earthquakes are generally confined to subduction zones, the sw iberian margin setting of the famous mw 8. Pdf encyclopedia of earthquakes and volcanoes download. Earthquakes often cause dramatic geomorphological changes, including ground movementseither vertical or horizontalalong geologic fault traces. A major cause of death and property damage in earthquakes is fire.
The maximum depth for earthquakes is 700 km because at greater. Earthquake hazards and mitigation strategies for each lesson in this section students learn about an. And, after the earthquake is over, the process of strain buildup at this modified interface between the rocks starts all over again figure 6. What other disasters could be triggered as a result of an earthquake. Lesson 6 focuses on the properties of seismic waves and introduces students to earthquake measuring scales. Encyclopedia of earthquake engineering springerlink. About earthquakes basics about earthquakes university of washington. When a major earthquake strikes, most items that are not secured to the floor or walls will be thrown around or knocked over from the violent shaking. Defining an earthquake level concept laboratory mathematics language arts social studies art k2 an earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the release of energy stored in rocks. Accessing current, recent and historical earthquake data.
The catalog is broken into five time periods and the data are presented in a variety of formats explained for each time period. The haitian governments official count was more than 300,000. The effects of the 1906 earthquake in california on research and education robertreitherman,a m. An exact death toll proved elusive in the ensuing chaos. The magnitude is estimated from the amplitude of the recorded waves.
Earthquake causes and characteristics page 311 rayleigh waves. Pdf seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average. It is one of the largest deltas of the world situated at the confluence with the bay of bengal of the padmameghnajamuna river system. They are the concern of seismologists, geologists, engineers, government o. Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earths rocks.
Earthquake magnitude earthquake severity richter magnitude earthquake effects less than 3. On the 25th april 2015, a powerful earthquake struck nepal, resulting in significant casualties and largescale damage. As a rayleigh wave moves across the earths surface, the earth moves up and down like an ocean wave. Earthquakes can occur where no active faults have been recognized. An earthquake is caused when there is a buildup of stress along a fault and the. The encyclopedia of earthquake engineering is designed to be the authoritative and comprehensive reference covering all major aspects of the science of earthquake engineering, specifically focusing on the interaction between earthquakes and infrastructure. Look up earthquake statistics for this location with wa. Folded rocks have been subjected to a plastic strain. Project on earthquakes pdf earthquakes are one of the most destructive of natural hazards. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. Find out what to do before, during, and after an earthquake. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. Introduction bangladesh is an earthquakeprone country. Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration 107 be about 16 kin.